”

but if their interests run to the cultural revolution that tore the country apart from 1966 to 1976 and resulted in millions of deaths, they will have to search a back corner of the two-million-square-foot museum, which will complete its opening this month, for a single photograph and three lines of text t中国国家博物馆网站hat are the only reference to that era.

“博物馆无视冲突,而真正的历史是不应该这样做的,”一位因敏感而不愿透露姓名的北京大学考古学教授说

what beijing needed, officials decided, was a world-class museum in time for the olympics. in the past, the site on tiananmen square actually housed two institutions: the museum of chinese history and the museum o国家博物馆时间f the chinese revolution. in 2003, the two were combined and renamed the national museum of china, excising the communist-sounding nomenclature. the name change also allowed for shows that did not directly touch on chinese history, although history was to remain its focus.

the exhibition walks a delicate国家博物馆短信预约 line. organized by chinese dynasties, it tries to show how all of the 56 ethnic groups in today’s china have always worked together harmoniously. even the mongolian empire, which conquered china in the 12th century, is made part of the story. it is referred to as a precursor of today’s multicultural ch国家博物馆近期画展ina.

也就是说,这座被授权可以无限制地接触中国悠久历史的珍宝及遗迹的国家博物馆,并没有逃脱数世纪以来羁绊中国历史研究的政治束缚与现在一样,过去的统治者利用历史来构建现实,这是标记在几乎每个时代的主题思想

“we feel we had a lot to show and need the space,” mr. tian said. “it’s not about being the biggest, but china does have 5,000 years of culture so it’s not inappropriate to be the biggest.”

the difficult中国国家博物馆官网y in coming up with an innovative interpretation of china’s recent past suggests that the staff may have trouble filling the vast galleries with the variety and quality of exhibits characteristic of a world-class museum. the opening exhibition on the european enlightenment, for example, will run for国家博物馆最新展览 12 months — an unusually long period of time that surprised the three german museums that organized it.

官员们争论建筑设计的同时,还对展出的内容进行了仔细的审查虽然与过去比较,博物馆展示的重点范围更大——今年4月底举办的一次展览将纵览印加文化——但其重心却在有关中国历史的两个永久性展览上,其一是中国的古代历史,另一个则展示中国过去150年的历史

然而,这种问题的提出就有确定中国国家博物馆是否加入世界顶级博物馆之列的可能,住在北京的历史学家福瑞达·默克说默克本人在全世界范围内组织博物馆展览他说,一个伟大博物北京国家博物馆简介馆并不在于硬件设施,而在于工作人员的勇敢

接下来的几十年里,博物馆闭馆的时间超过了开馆的时间它于1961年正式开放,后在文化大革命开始的1966年闭馆,1979年才重新开放之后,随着领导人努力寻找他们能够接受的对过去历史的解释,博物馆经历了一系列的开馆闭馆2001年,官员们开始意识到博物馆成为无政府主义产物,没有向外部世界展现现代象形,现代史部分永久地关闭了那一年,中国赢得了2008年举办奥运会的主办权,官员们担心国家首都成为不够资格的主办城市此前一年,一家英国研究机构将北京评为与华沙和曼谷水平一样的三流城市这份报告在中国受到广泛的讨论,官员们注意到,北京并没有值得广泛关注的博物馆或展馆

总之,一共有七次重大修改最终,他们保持了宏大的入北京站到国家博物馆口大厅 - 850英尺长,100英尺高, 与两翼旧的建筑物相连接但是,原来开放的空间现在却被一座巨大新楼填充主要目标之一就让博物馆成为世界最大

作为替代方案,当局决定对现代中国的展示,应该与这次大规模改造之前一样,集中表现党取得的辉煌成就

“the party wants to determine historical truth,” said yang jisheng, a historian whose landmark book on the great leap forward famine was banned in china. “it worries that if competing vers国家博物馆网上预约ions are allowed, then its legitimacy will be called into question.”

北京——在天安门广场精心改造的中国博物馆,对中国近代历史感兴趣的参观者可以凝视邓小平访美期间带的牛仔帽,或者瞻仰2008年四川地震发生后国家主席胡锦涛号召人们战胜困难的圆筒喇叭

in the 1990s, museum curators proposed a much franker look at the problems that led to the current era of reform. initially, they designed a section cal国家博物馆预约电话led “10 years of tortuous development” on the 1950s and ’60s, including the great leap forward’s devastating famine, according to kirk denton, a professor at ohio state university who is writing a book on china’s museums. curators proposed a similar section in the current exhibit, arguing that this era was 国家博物馆11月展览decades in the past and the party was now strong enough to withstand criticism. that idea was rejected, however, after a lengthy debate, according to ministry of culture officials. in the end, the famine, widely regarded as the worst in recorded history, is only euphemistically mentioned by the phra中国国家博物馆地址se that “the project of constructing socialism suffered severe complications.” the cultural revolution was reduced to the photograph and brief caption.

总的叙事线索一直根深蒂固在每个中国学生的脑海,是中国被西方列强欺凌的历史后来一些用心良好但往往受到误导的爱国者举行了反抗,直到他们找到共产党的正确领导,共产党1949年必然的胜利开启了中国的复兴经过执政头30年的“社会主义建设”中国在改革的过去30年里实现了腾飞党为何在上世纪70年代末摒弃中央计划政策,甚至发生这样巨国家博物馆近期展览大的变化这一事实,在展览中没有进行论述

“我不知道为什么没有多一点的展示,”张先生说“年轻一代应该看到整个历史,这样他们就能够将过去与现在加以比较”不过,他的妻子王菊生说自己并不感到意外“那些年月发生的事情,特别是50年代到60年代,大部分都是错误的”

不过,据文化部一位官员讲,高级官员拒绝了这种方案,以后多年会议不断,出现多种重新设计方案由于事情高度敏感,这位官员要求不留姓名中国的内阁国务院做出了权衡,认为新的拱形屋顶会破坏建筑物原有的设计根据参加会议的人士讲,还有批评人士认为天井过于宏大,而身兼建筑设计师的博物馆新任馆长要求更多的地面空间开馆日期被推迟到2009年10月1日,共产党执政60周年纪念日

“我们要赞颂中国,”吴哥国家博物馆官网田先生说“我认为这是可以理解的”

interviews with participants describe a tortured reconstruction that dragged on years longer than envisioned, with plans constantly revised to accommodate political twists and turns, many decided personally by top party leaders.

展览沿着非常微妙的路线展开按中国的朝代组织,展示今天的所有56个民族历史上一直和谐地工作在一起即使12世纪征服中国的蒙古北京国家博物馆地址帝国也被作为故事的一部分它被称为今天多文化中国的先驱

国家博物馆源于共产党对遗产的追求后来担任馆长的王冶秋在回忆录回忆,1949共产党军队年进入北京时他加入队伍,直接冲到一间监狱,获得了1927年用来绞死共产党创立者之一的绞刑架这个绞刑架成为这座博物馆第一件文物但是,1959年开馆时,博物馆却受到一个迄今还在困扰的问题——政治周恩来总理参观了即将展出的展品,认为展览没有突出“红色路线”-即国家最高领导人毛的思想路线

启蒙运动展览虽然诱人,但同时却避免公开提及政治观念——如普世人权——而正是政治观念驱动欧洲那一段历史的发展“这是一场艺术展,而不是政治秀,”埃森豪尔先生说这就意味着个性或人权隐含在绘画或家具里,不会有明晰的讨国家博物馆开放时间论

likewise, there is no mention of the tiananmen square demonstrations in 1989 or the disgraced party secretary, zhao ziyang, who helped pioneer economic reforms but was forced out of power after the unrest that year.

politics, by contrast, defines the other exhibit, “the road to rejuvenation,” which reco国家博物馆unts the history of china from the first opium war of 1839 to the present day. this was the exhibit that in past years was fraught with the most blatant simplifications — and the new one is no different.

the general story line, ingrained in every chinese student, is that china was humiliated by western p国家博物馆怎么预约owers. then some well-meaning but misguided patriots took up the fight until they were properly led by the communists, whose inevitable victory in 1949 started china’s recovery. after “building socialism” during the communists’ first 30 years in power, the country took off during the past 30 years of reform国家博物馆近期. there is no discussion of why the party dropped central planning policies in the late 1970s, or even that such a momentous shift took place.

2006年,9人政治局常委之一最后给予放行,国务院正式发出通知2007年开始建设,但开馆日期再次推迟到2011年

officials created an international architectural competition won by the large german firm gerkan, marg and partner. the国家博物馆闭馆时间 germans called for a huge atrium, in which chinese history could be exhibited overlooking important sites of the country’s past and present. construction was to begin in 2005.

according to the archaeologist, who was consulted on the exhibition, a panel of experts considered other versions of history, bu国家博物馆不预约t this was quickly rebuffed. officials from the party’s propaganda department, who were observing the meetings, said the museum should adopt a policy to “emphasize precious objects.” that is reflected in the final product, which will feature 2,520 “precious objects,” including 521 “first-class precious obj国家博物馆开放时间ects.”

庆祝性展品

“中国的公共博物馆很少是说历史的,”香港科技大学教授洪长泰说“主要表现的是党现在的形象,以及党要别人如何看待党“因此我不会说这种展览为真实历史,而是宣传”

“党要确定历史事实,”历史学家杨继绳说杨的扛鼎之作是一本关于大跃进饥荒的作品,该书在中国被禁止发行“如果允许出版可以竞争的版本,那么它的合法性将受到质疑,这一点让人担心”

然而,这里渗透的依然一种这样的传统:中国不会直面自己的历史这座博物馆与其说是大规模研究、发现与创造的产物,倒不如说是共产党努力控制历史解说、压制其它不同观点,包括政府精英内部存在的观点的一个最为显著的符号同时,她也是中国无法创造与其经济成就相匹配的文化机国家博物馆闭馆时间构的例证

官员们认定,奥运会开幕时,北京需要一座世界一流博物馆以前,天安门这个位置实际有两个机构:中国历史博物馆和中国革命博物馆2003年,两家机构合并,命名为中国国家博物馆,去掉了名字中象征共产主义的成份名称的更换同时还允许从事与中国历史无关的展览,但历史依然是展览的主要内容

“what they need are passionate curators to go into those bronzes and textiles and find new interpretations,” ms. murck said. “because a great museum depends on a grea国家博物馆 展览t curatorial staff.”

“we wanted to celebrate china,” mr. tian said. “i think that’s understandable.”

官员们举办了一次国际性建筑设计竞赛,德国大型设计事务所gerkan, marg and partner(格康与玛格合伙公司)中标德国人设计了一个大型天井,其中可以展示中国历史,俯瞰中国过去与现在重要的场所工程2005年开始建设

接受采访的建设参与者描述了备受折磨的重建过程,比预计时间拖延了数年时间,为迎合政治上反复无常得变化,工程计划不断修改,其中许多改变是最高领导层成员个人的决定

over the next de北京国家博物馆攻略cades, the museum spent more time closed than open. it formally opened in 1961, then closed at the onset of the cultural revolution in 1966, reopening in 1979 and then going through a series of closings and openings as leaders strove for an interpretation of the past they could accept. the exhibition on contemp国家博物馆预约时间orary history closed for good in 2001 as officials began to see the museum as an anachronism that did not promote a modern image to the outside world. that year, beijing won its bid to host the 2008 olympics, and officials were worried that the national capital would not be a worthy host. a year earlier, a 北京站到国家博物馆british research institute rated beijing a third-tier city on a par with warsaw and bangkok. the report was widely discussed in china, with officials noting that beijing had no noteworthy museums or galleries.

beijing — at the elaborately renovated national museum of china in tiananmen square, visito国家博物馆怎么预约rs interested in the recent history of the world’s fastest rising power can gaze at the cowboy hat that deng xiaoping once wore when he visited the united states, or admire the bullhorn that president hu jintao used to exhort people to overcome hardship after the sichuan earthquake in 2008.

finally, in 2006,国家博物馆预约电话 a member of the nine-man standing committee of the politburo, li changchun, gave the go-ahead and an official notice was issued by the state council. construction began in 2007, but the opening date was again pushed back until 2011.

the national museum has its roots in the communist party’s desire for a leg国家博物馆官网预约acy. in his memoirs, wang yeqiu, who would become the museum’s director, recalls joining communist troops as they entered beijing in 1949 and making straight for a prison to secure a scaffold used in 1927 to hang one of the party’s founding members. the scaffold became the first item in the museum’s collect北京国家博物馆门票ion. but its opening in 1959 was marred by a problem that would haunt it to the present — politics. prime minister zhou enlai visited the proposed exhibition and said it did not emphasize the “red line”: the line of thought of mao, the country’s supreme leader.

as officials debated the architecture, they国家博物馆官网 also scrutinized the content. although the museum now has a broader focus than before — one exhibition in late april will survey incan civilization — its centerpieces are two permanent exhibitions on chinese history, one on its ancient past and one looking at the past 150 years.

红色路线

据这位曾经担任展览咨询的考古学家讲,一中国国家博物馆馆刊个专家小组曾经考虑过其他版本,但很快遭到拒绝前来监督会议的共产党宣传部官员说,博物馆应该采取“强调珍贵文物”的政策这项政策反应在最后产品之中,它展示了2520件“珍贵文物”,包括521件“一级珍贵文物”

“i got a call asking how many square meters is the louvre,” recalled martin roth, director of dresden’s state museums and an informal consultant to the museum for a decade. “then 10 minutes later another call国家博物馆近期 asking how many square meters is the british museum. i said, ‘you guys are sitting with the architects and are figuring out how to be the biggest, right?’ they laughed and said yes.”

some visitors said they had hoped for more. zhang zhencai, a 65-year-old retired storeroom manager in a logistics compa国家博物馆讲解时间ny, said he expected a closer look at the first 30 years of communist rule.

instead, the authorities decided that the exhibition on contemporary china should focus, as did the museum before its extensive makeover, on the party’s triumphs.

broaching such topics, however, is likely to determine whether th国家博物馆近期画展e national museum of china joins the ranks of the world’s top museums, said freda murck, a beijing-based art historian who has organized exhibitions for museums around the world. ms. murck said that what made a great museum was not its hardware but the quality and daring of its staff.

作为替代,展览表现具有相对安抚国家博物馆近期作用的物品,如邓的牛仔帽和胡先生的卷筒喇叭还展示了委内瑞拉总统查韦斯赠送给胡锦涛的“一把镶嵌着宝石的双刃剑”

中国花费近4亿美元和10年时间,要将这座博物馆改造一个成为领先的历史与文化展示场所,一座中国无以伦比的崛起力量的丰碑——她设计为世界最大的单屋顶博物馆——比2008年举办奥运会的建筑物更加经久耐用

即便如此,在完全压制过去历史阴暗面方面,世界上很少有国家可以与中国相提并论其结果就是中国公众很少可以接触到不同与党的宣传的历史版本,即便是通过互联网也难以得到,有时候,公众对一些民族主义事业的支持甚至超过了共产党自己的立场譬如,许多中国人对西藏人和维吾尔人不满中国统治感到疑惑不解,同样感到疑惑不解的还有日本和北京国家博物馆地址台湾对中国的领土要求持有不同的看法

“这是极其不寻常的事情,但中方去要这样做,” 柏林国家博物馆馆长迈克尔·埃森豪尔说为了满足中方要求,德国策展人不得不对采用多达三分之一的替代品,因为其中一些展品很多年前已经答应为其它展览提供,还有一些太容易破损的物品不能在光线下暴露12个月

china spent more than a decade and nearly $400 million to remake the national museum into a leading showcase of history and culture, a monument to its rising power no le国家博物馆近期ss grand — it is designed to be the world’s largest museum under one roof — and more enduring than the olympic games it hosted in 2008.

世界上许多国家都没有展出独立历史学家认为完全可信的国家历史美国博物馆一直受到压力,要求更完整地展示奴隶历史美国印第安人经过长期斗争,终于在华盛顿的国家广场建立了属于自己的博物馆;其它博物馆则赞颂美国西进运动,但对美国印第安人的被迫迁徙与受到的屠杀不予重视

“i wondered why there was not more on it,”中国国家博物馆地址 mr. zhang said. “the younger generation should see all that history, so they are able to compare it to what we have today.” his wife, wang jusheng, however, said she was not surprised: “what happened in those years, especially the late 1950s and 1960s, were mostly errors.”

占整个展览馆面积的四分之一的最大展区为“古代中国”,纵览几千年恢宏的北京中国国家博物馆历史,预计4月15日开馆

有些参观者说他们希望看到更多的东西在一家物流公司担任库房经理65岁的退休者张振财(音译)说,他期望详细了解共产党执政头30年的情况

目标是成为世界最大

instead, the exhibition features relatively anodyne objects like deng’s cowboy hat and mr. hu’s bullhorn. it also displays “a double-edged sword inlaid with diamonds, presented to hu jintao from venezuelan president hugo ch北京国家博物馆官网ávez.”

the enlightenment show, although tantalizing, will also avoid overt mention of the political ideas — such as universal human rights — that drove that period of european history. “it’s an art exhibit and not a political show,” mr. eissenhauer said. that means themes of individuality or rights w北京国家博物馆ill be alluded to in paintings or furniture but not explicitly discussed.

相比之下,政治定义了其它展览,“复兴之路”展示中国从第一次鸦片战争到现在的历史在过去年份里,这部分展览充满最为无所顾忌的简化——新的展览也别无二致

“a public museum in china is seldom about the past,” said hung chang-tai, a professor at the hong kong university of science and technology who has writte中国国家博物馆馆刊n on the museum. “it is about the current image of the party and how the party wants itself to be seen.”

the red line

officials rejected proposals for a permanent historical exhibition that would have discussed the disasters of early communist rule — especially the great leap forward, a political camp北京国家博物馆攻略aign and resulting famine that killed more than 20 million. some organizers also wanted a candid appraisal of the cultural revolution, a decade-long attack on traditional culture and learning, but that effort was squashed.

this means that the national museum, which has been granted unlimited access to 中国国家博物馆简介treasures and relics of china’s long history, has failed to escape the political constraints that for centuries have hobbled the study of chinese history. then, as now, rulers used history to shape the present, a leitmotif that has marked almost every era.

even so, few countries can compete with chin英国国家博物馆官网a in so completely suppressing the shades of gray about their past. one result is that the chinese public rarely has access, even on the internet, to versions of history that differ from party propaganda, and popular support for some nationalist causes is sometimes even stronger than the party’s own国家博物馆门票预约 stances. many chinese are bewildered, for example, that some tibetans or uighurs are dissatisfied with chinese rule or that japanese and taiwanese might have differing views of china’s claims on their territory.

“我接到一个电话,问卢浮宫有多少平方米,” 德累斯顿国家博物馆馆长马丁·罗斯主任回忆说,他担任该博物馆非正式顾问长达10年“10分钟后,又打电话问大英博物馆有多少平方米我说:“你们跟建国家博物馆参观时间筑师在一块,可以算出来怎样成为最大,对不对?”他们笑着,说好

“it ignores the conflicts, which real history shouldn’t do,” said an archaeology professor at peking university who asked to remain anonymous because of the issue’s delicacy. “this is why i would not call this exhibition real history but propaganda.”

aiming to be the big英国国家博物馆官网gest

but one tradition has remained firmly in place: china will not confront its own history. the museum is less the product of extensive research, discovery or creativity than the most prominent symbol of the communist party’s efforts to control the narrative of history and suppress alternative poin中国国家博物馆网站ts of view, even those that exist within the governing elite. it is also an example of how china finds it difficult to create cultural institutions that prove equal to its economic achievements.

a demanding agenda

不过,如果参观者的兴趣一直深入到1966年至1976年那场让中国四分五裂并造成数百万人死亡的文化大革命,他们得到这座将在本月完成开放的,面积达200万平方英尺博物馆中背后的一个角落里去找,看到的只是国家博物馆开放时间一张照片和三行文字说明这是对那个时代唯一的说明

“需要的是充满工作热情的馆员走进这些铜器及纺织品之中,找到新的解释,”默克说“因为一座伟大的博物馆取决于伟大的博物管理员工”

another permanent exhibit, on china’s ancient history, also presents an idealized version of the past. it tells the uplifting story of chinese ethnic groups pulling together to create “brilliant achievements.”

苛求的计划

c荷兰国家博物馆官网hinese officials are reticent about the new museum. repeated requests over two months for interviews with the museum director or other senior officials were rebuffed. instead, online publicity material was printed and faxed in response to written questions. but tian shanting, who runs the museum’s f国家博物馆oreign affairs office, said the square footage was important.

by ian johnon

中国官员对新博物馆保持缄默在两个多月里我们多次请求采访博物馆馆长或其他高级官员受到拒绝而对于书面提出的问题,他们印刷了网上的宣传材料,以传真予以答复不过,负责该博物馆外事办的田山亭(音译)说,说面积的确很重要

the biggest — taking up a quarter of the entire exhibition space — is “ancient china,” a mammoth survey of thousands of year北京国家博物馆门票s of history scheduled to open april 15.

有关中国古代史的另一项永久性展览,同样体现出对历史理想化的诠释它讲述了中国各民族令人振奋的团结奋斗,“创造辉煌成就”的经历

but senior officials rejected the plan, setting off years of meetings and redesigns, according to an official in the ministry of culture who asked to remain anonymous because of the issue’s delicacy. c国家博物馆开放时间hina’s cabinet, the state council, weighed in, saying the new, arching roof would destroy the building’s original design. other critics said the atrium was too grandiose, while the museum’s new director, himself an architect, wanted more floor space, according to participants in the meetings. the op国家博物馆预约ening date was pushed back to oct. 1, 2009, the 60th anniversary of communist rule.

all told, there were seven major revisions. in the end, they kept a grand entrance hall — 850 feet long and 100 feet high — linking the two old wings. but most of the original open area was now filled with a giant new building. on国家博物馆时间e of the primary goals was to make the museum the world’s largest.

对中国现代史提出富有创新的解释方面存在的困难表明,工作人员在利用具有世界一流博物馆特点的多样性与高质量展品来填充巨大的展厅方面可能遇到了麻烦例如,作为开馆的欧洲启蒙运动展览将长达12个月——这个超常的时间让组织这场展览的3家德国博物馆感到意外

“我们感到有许多东西需要展出,因而需要空间,”田先生说“问题并不在于最大,但是中国有5000年的文化,因此成为最大也是合适的”

“it’s highly unusual, but the chinese wanted it,” said mi国家博物馆最新展览chael eissenhauer, director of the state museums of berlin. to meet the request, german curators will have to find substitutes for up to a third of the objects, some of which were promised years ago for other exhibitions or which are too fragile to be exposed to light for 12 months.

many countries do n国家博物馆怎么预约ot present their history in terms independent historians consider fully credible. american museums have been under pressure to account more fully for slavery. american indians won a long battle to open their own museum on the mall in washington; other museums celebrate the westward expansion of the 国家博物馆2015展览united states but give short shrift to the displacement and killing of american indians.

官员们拒绝了建立永久性历史展览的建议,那些展览将涉及共产党早期统治期间的灾难——特别造成2000多万人因饥荒而死亡的政治运动大跃进有些组织者还希望坦率地评价长达10年,对传统文化教育造成巨大破坏的文化大革命,但是这种努力受到了压制

据俄亥俄州立大学柯克·丹顿教授讲,20世纪90年代,博物馆馆长们曾提议,以更加坦诚的态度看待改革时代以前的问题最初,他们设计一个名为“10年曲折发展”展区,展示20世纪50年代到60年代,包括大跃进及造成的毁灭性饥荒丹顿教授目前正埃及国家博物馆官网在撰写一本关于中国博物馆的书在现在的展览中,博物馆馆长也提出了类似的建议,他们认为这一时代已经过去几十年了,现在党的力量足够强大,可以承受批评不过,根据文化部的官员讲,但经过长时间的辩论,这种想法被拒绝了最后,被广泛认为史上最严重的饥荒,只是在一句“建设社会主义事业遭受了许多艰难困苦”中委婉地提及到文化大革命被缩减到那张照片和简要的说明